A Brief History of Cosmic Expansion
The expansion history of the universe can be roughly divided into four key stages:
1. Inflationary Epoch (10⁻³⁶ s → 10⁻³² s)In far less than an instant, the universe expanded by at least 10²⁶ times at a speed ...

Electromagnetism is an important indicator of the energy level of matter, as well as the core criterion for its observability, interactability, and structurability. Dark matter and dark energy have low energy levels and possess no electromagnetic ...

Electromagnetism is an important indicator of the energy level of matter, as well as the core criterion for matter’s observability, interactability and structurability.

1. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
 
Heat can only spontaneously flow from a hotter object to a colder one, and cannot spontaneously flow from a colder object to a hotter one.
 
2. The Principle of Air Conditioning
 
In winter, an air condi...

Dark Matter and Dark EnergyI. Dark MatterDark matter is a special form of matter that exists widely in the universe but cannot be directly observed. It is a key component of cosmic structure.Its most essential characteristic is that it has no elec...

Mass, electric charge, and color charge are the upgraded and manifest forms of energy.Mass, electric charge, and color charge are not independent intrinsic properties of matter. Rather, they are the external expressions and upgraded forms of energ...

The charge energy equation is derived from the law of conservation of energy, based on the annihilation of an electron and a positron into two photons.
E = Kq，K=5.1×10⁵ J/C.

Charge annihilation, simply put, is when positively and negatively charged particles meet, disappear together, and convert into energy.The most common example is electron-positron annihilation.An electron is a tiny negatively charged particle and ...

Other Methods of Converting Energy into MassIn addition to the Higgs field endowing elementary particles with mass, the universe contains multiple mechanisms for generating mass through energy conversion. Together, these processes produce the vast...

We often think that mass is an innate property of objects. A stone, a speck of dust—they all seem to possess weight and substantial existence by birth. But looking into the vast universe and tracing back to the very origin, mass is not inherent at...

The Higgs field is a quantum field that permeates the entire universe. It is a key mechanism in the Standard Model of physics for converting energy into mass, and is regarded as the fundamental process by which elementary particles acquire mass.In...

Feynman believed that it is unlikely to unify the four fundamental forces (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational) completely within a single formula or theory.I agree with Feynman’s view.Unification of the Four Forces: Unity at the Leve...

Relativity and quantum mechanics each have their own domains of application.In my view, relativity is better suited to explaining the behavior of macroscopic objects and celestial bodies, while quantum mechanics is more appropriate for describing ...

Conservation Laws Corresponding to the Four Fundamental Forces1. Strong Interaction- Corresponding conservation laws:- Color charge conservation- Baryon number conservation- Isospin conservation (under high-energy approximations)- Conservation of ...

1. Strong Interaction   - Symmetry Group: SU(3) The gauge group of color charge, and the...

What is the AI in Reinforcement Learning Market?
The AI in Reinforcement Learning Market refers to the global ecosystem of technologies, algorithms, platforms, and solutions that enable machines to learn optimal decision-making through trial-and-...

Unification of the Four Fundamental Forces
 
Gauge fields have unified the weak force, strong force, and electromagnetic force.
However, they have not unified gravity and electromagnetic force.
I have unified gravity and electromagnetism using...

The Riemannian Geometry Corresponding to Coulomb Force
When two opposite charges produce attraction, the spacetime curvature is positive, corresponding to a spherical spacetime in Riemannian geometry.
When two like charges produce repulsion, th...

Gravitational force is only attractive; it has no repulsive component.
 
Coulomb force, however, is both attractive and repulsive.
 
When two charges are opposite, an attractive force arises.
For example, a positive charge and a negative char...

There are three pieces of evidence to prove my viewpoint.1. The bending of electric arcs proves that electric charge can locally curve spacetime, and electric current moves along geodesics.2. Ball lightning proves that electric charge can curve sp...

Charge also curves spacetime
 
According to general relativity, gravity arises from the curvature of spacetime, and spacetime curvature is caused by mass.
Similarly, I argue that electric charge curves the spacetime around it, and this curved ...

Why are gravitational force and Coulomb force so similar?
 
The first scientist to explore this phenomenon was the famous Michael Faraday, though he obtained no conclusive results.
 
Later, people explained this phenomenon with the following...

Spin angular velocity ∝ spacetime curvature gradient.The above is a possible mathematical formula. Due to my personal limitations, I am unable to calculate the value of k.

When the Earth warrior Felix jumps down from space, his body spins involuntarily because the spacetime near Earth is twisted by Earth’s rotation, and the human body rotates along with the distorted spacetime. Therefore, the rotation of celestial ...

On Particle Spin
The spin of the atomic nucleus gives rise to spacetime distortion at the microscopic scale, which in turn induces the spin of the electron.
When an electron propagates in a vacuum, its spin persists and travels with the electron...

Core Influencing Factors of Celestial Rotation and a Unified Theoretical InterpretationCelestial rotation is not an isolated motion phenomenon, but the result of the progressive transmission of spacetime distortion and the combined action of multi...

What other factors influence the rotation of celestial bodies?1. Conservation of Angular Momentum (the most fundamental initial factor)- Rotational momentum inherited from the primordial nebula during the formation of a celestial body.- Greater ma...

How to Verify the Theory of RotationEvidence 1The closer to the center of the Milky Way, the greater the spacetime curvature and deflection, and the faster the angular velocity of rotation and revolution of celestial systems.The farther from the c...

The Unity of Rotation and RevolutionIn previous theories, rotation and revolution are treated as separate and unrelated phenomena—rotation is rotation, revolution is revolution, as if they move independently with no connection to each other.But I ...

Take the solar system as an example.The rotation of the Sun distorts the spacetime of the solar system, leaving behind traces in the cosmos that resemble folds and creases.The planets travel along their respective folds, which are their orbits—and...