37 牛顿的水桶实验

毕苏林
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爱科学,也爱文艺;重逻辑,也重情感。以最硬核的科幻为壳,写最柔软的人间故事。愿以文字为桥,结识品味相投的读友。
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2026/04/16
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2 mins read


牛顿水桶实验是艾萨克·牛顿在 1689 年描述的经典物理实验,通过观察旋转水面的形状论证绝对空间概念 。该实验后被马赫爱因斯坦重新诠释,成为经典力学与相对论时空观的重要讨论案例,其原理也被应用于液体镜面望远镜的建造 。实验过程显示:用软绳吊起的装了半桶水的水桶与桶静止时水面平坦;当水桶开始旋转而水未动时水面仍平;随着桶壁摩擦力带动液体转动,各液层角速度趋于一致后水面形成凹陷抛物面 。牛顿认为凹陷证明水存在绝对运动而非相对运动,以此支持绝对空间观点 。马赫指出凹陷源于水与宇宙星辰的相对运动,其引力相互作用导致液面形变 。爱因斯坦广义相对论提出拖曳效应,1966 年 Brill 和 Cohen 证明旋转空球壳可诱导足够向心力使水面凹陷,为现象提供相对论解释 。为验证相关理论,1976 年和 2004 年分别发射了引力探测器 A 和 B,其陀螺仪转动轴的偏转结果间接支持了马赫的观点 。


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